Answer. Semantics is the study of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences
Q. What is Signifier?
Answer. SA signifies the sound or pronunciation of a word
Q. What is Signified?
Answer. Signified is the meaning indicated by the signifier/pronunciation of a word
Q. What is Conceptual meaning?
Answer. The basic meaning conveyed by words e.g. the word needle means "thin, sharp, steel instrument"
Q. What is Associative meaning?
Answer. The type of meaning that people connect with words e.g. the word needle may be associated with "pain, illness, blood, drugs or knitting"
Q. Conceptual meaning is also called?
Answer. Denotative meaning which means dictionary meaning
Q. Associative meaning is also called?
Answer. Connotative meaning what the words act note in different situations
Q. What is meant by Semantic Features in Semantics?
Answer. Basic elements such as 'human' in care are lauded as plus (+human) or minus (-human) used in the analysis of words.
Q. Give an example of a semantically incorrect sentence?
Answer. "The horse is reading the newspaper." This sentence is structurally correct but semantically incorrect
Q. What is Seethe's antic Role?
Answers. The part played by a noun phrase, such as the subject, in a sentence is called the semantic role
Q. How many common semantic roles are there?
Ans. 7
Q. What is the first semantic role called Agent OR Doer?
Ans. The agent is the doer of action e.g. 'Ahmad' in the sentence, "Ahmad called me."
Q. What is the second semantic role called Patient OR Theme?
Ans. It refers to what is acted upon by the Agent e.g. 'boat' in the sentence, "John steered the boat."
Q. What is the third semantic role called Recipient OR Receiver?
Ans. It indicates a receiver in a situation e.g. 'Ali' in the sentence, "The children sent Ali a postcard."
Q. What is the fourth semantic role called Instrument?
Ans. It identifies the entity that is used to act e.g. 'Razor' in the sentence, "The boy cut the rope with a razor."
Q. What is the fifth semantic role called Experimenter?
Ans. It is the entity that has the feeling e.g. 'The Boy' in the sentence, "The Boy feels bad."
Q. What is the sixth semantic role called Source?
Ans. It identifies where an entity moves from e.g. 'The House' in the sentence, "The Boy ran from the house."
Q. What is the seventh semantic role called Goal?
Ans. It identifies where an entity moves to e.g. The Window in the sentence, "The boy walked to the window."
Q. Does a semantic role change in passive voice?
Ans. No, because nothing changes in the real world e.g. "John steered the boat" becomes "The boat was steered by John." Still, John is the Agent
Q. What is Synonymy?
Ans. The lexical relation in which two or more words have very closely related meanings e.g. 'Conceal' is a synonym of 'Hide
Q. What is Antonymy?
Ans. The lexical relation in which words have opposite meanings e.g. 'Shallow' is an Antonym of 'Deep'
Q. What are Gradable Antonyms?
Ans. Words with opposite meanings along a scale e.g. small-medium-large-extra large
Q. What are Non-gradable Antonyms?
Ans. Words that are direct opposites e.g. alive-dead
Q. What is Hyponymy?
Ans. The lexical relation in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another word e.g. daffodil is a hyponym of flower because the flower is the common name for different flower
Q. What are Co-hyponyms?
Ans. Two or more words that share the same broader category are co-hyponyms e.g. dog and horse are co-hyponyms as both are animals
Q. What is Superordinate?
Ans. Superordinate means a higher-level term e.g. dog and horse both have the same Superordinate "Animal"
Q. What is a Prototype?
Ans. The most common example of a category is called prototype e.g. Robin is the prototype of a bird
Q. What are Homophones?
Ans. Two or more words with different spellings and meanings but the same pronunciation e.g. to-too-two
Q. What are Homonyms
Answer : The words with the same spellings but a different meanings e.g. mole(on the skin) and mole(an animal)
Q. What is Polysemy?
Ans. A word having two or more related meanings e.g. foot of a person, of bed, of mountain
Q. What is mostly used WordPlay
Ans. Homophones, homonyms, and Polysemy
Q. What is Metonymy?
Ans. A word used in place of another with which it is closely connected in everyday experience e.g. Hollywood is used for English movies while it is a district of the USA
Q. What is Collocation?
Ans. Words that frequently occur together e.g. salt and pepper
Q. The basic principle of Lexicography?
Ans. Synonymy. Note: lexicography is the process of writing, editing, and compiling a dictionary
Q. The soul of language?
Ans. Meaning
Q. Words are not only associated with situations but also with?
Ans. Other words
Q. Who developed a field called general semantics?
Ans. Alfred Habdank
Q. What are the two main areas of semantics?
Ans. Logical semantics and lexical semantics
Q. Macro Linguistics?
Ans. It is concerned with the way languages are acquired, stored in the brain, and used for various functions
Q. Geographical Linguistics?
Ans. It studies the geographic distribution of language
Q. Diachronic OR Historical Linguistics?
Ans. It studies the history and development of languages
Q. Comparative OR Contrastive Linguistics?
Ans. The study of similarities and differences between languages
Q. Psycholinguistics?
Ans. It examines how humans acquire, use, and understand language
Q. Sociolinguistics?
Ans. It studies the relationship between language and society. It tells how language is affected by social factors such as gender, ethnicity, age, or social class
Q. Ethnolinguistics?
Ans. It studies the relationship between language and culture
Q. Biolinguistics?
Ans. The study of language functions as derived from the biological characteristics of an organism.
Q. Creolistics?
Ans. It is the study of both creoles and the pidgin languages from which creoles develop.
Q. Evolutionary linguistics?
Answer. The study of the origin and subsequent development of language.
Q. Clinical Linguistics?
Ans. It deals with the application of linguistic science to the study of communication disability toon dividual
Q. Forensic Linguistics?
Answer. It helps in the late legal domain to identify the speaker from voice recording etc
Q. Cognitive Linguistics?
Answer. It describes how language interacts with cognition, and how language forms our thoughts. It is the study of language as a mental phenomenon
Q. Corpus Linguistics?
Answer. It deals with the principles and practice of using corpora in language study. It studies language as expressed in corpora (samples) of real-world text
Q. Philosophy Of Linguistics?
Answer. The philosophy of linguistics is the philosophy of other special sciences as applied to linguistics
Q. Text Linguistics?
Answer. It is concerned with the description and analysis of extended texts (either spoken or written) in communicative contexts.
Q. Discourse Analysis?
Answer. It is a research method for studying written or spoken language in its social context.
Q. Neurolinguistics?
Answer. It deals with the relationship between language and the structure and functioning of the brain
Q. applied linguistics?
Answer. The study of applying linguistics to real-life situations e.g. language teaching
Q. Computational Linguistics?
Answer. The application of computer science to the analysis, synthesis, and comprehension of written and spoken language
Q. Linguistic Philosophy?
Answer. It tells that philosophical problem could be solved either by reforming language or by understanding more about the language that we presently use
🔸 MICRO LINGUISTICS 🔸
Q. Micro Linguistics?
Ans. It is concerned only with the structures of the language system
Q. Phonology?
Answer. It is the study of how speech sounds function in a particular language
Q. Synchronic Linguistics?
Answer. Synchronic linguistics is the study of a language at one particular period (usually the present). It is also known as descriptive linguistics
Q. Descriptive Linguistics?
Answer. It describes the structure of a language as it exists, without reference to its history or comparison with other languages
Q. Grammar OR Syntax?
Answer. Grammar is the way we arrange words to make proper sentences
Q. Semantics?
Answer. It is the study of the relationship between words and how we draw meaning from those words
Q. Pragmatics?
Answer. It studies how context affects meaning in human language
Q. Dialectology?
Answer. The branch of linguistics is concerned with the study of dialects. Dialect is a regional variety of language
Q. Morphology?
Answer. The study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language
Q. Phonetics?
Answer. It studies the sounds of human speech
Q. Phonemics?
Answer. It is the study of phonemes. The /s/ in ‘soar’ distinguishes it from /r/ in ‘roar’ in pronunciation as well as meaning
Q. Morphophonology?
Answer. It deals with the phonological representation of morphemes. E.g. plurals "-es" and "-s", as in "bus, buses", versus "bun, buns"
Q. Lexicology?
Answer. It studies the stock of words (the lexicon OR vocabulary) in a given language
Q. Lexicography?
Answer. The process of writing, editing, in,g and compiling a dictionary
Q. Translation Theory?
Answer. Translation Theory is concerned with the translation method appropriately used for a certain type of text
Q. Etymology?
Answer. The study of the origin of words and how their meanings have changed throughout history
Q. Stylistics?
Answer. It is concerned with the study of style in texts especially literary works
Q. Phraseology?
Answer. It is the study of fixed expressions, such as idioms and phrasal verbs whose meanings can't be predicted by translating every single word
Q. Quantitative Linguistics?
Answer. Statistical and other quantitative concepts, models, and methods are used in the analysis of languages OR texts.
Q. What is Morphology?
Answer. Morphology is the study and analysis of the structure, form, and classes of words
Q. We can also say that morphology is the study of?
Answer. Morphemes
Q. What is a morpheme?
Answer. A word or a part of a word that has a meaning or a function e.g. in the word 'dogs', the morpheme dog has meaning but the morpheme -s makes it plural
Q. The plural suffix must follow?
Answer. The stem of the word e.g. dog-s, cat-s, stone-s
Q. Each functional and lexical piece of a word is called?
Answer. A morpheme e.g. the word 'dog' has one morpheme and the word 'dogs' has two morphemes
Q. The term Morphology means?
Answer. The study of forms which means the study of morphemes
Q. Although Morphology was first used in Biology when was it used for the first time in the study of language?
Answer. In the middle of the 19th century
Q. What is the main difference between word and morpheme?
Answer. A word stands by itself and a morpheme may or may not stand alone
Q. When a morpheme stands by itself, it is called?
Answer. Root because it has a meaning of its own e.g. the morpheme 'cat'
Q. When a morpheme depends on another morpheme it is called?
Answer. An affix because it has a grammatical function e.g. 's' in cats
Q. What are Free Morphemes?
Answer. Morphemes that stand by themselves as single words e.g the words open and tour
Q. What are Bound Morphemes?
Answer. Morphemes such as 'un' or 'ed' that can't stand alone and must be attached to another morpheme as 'un and ed' in the word undressed
Q. Free Morphemes fall into?
Answer. Two categories Lexical and Functional
Q. What is Lexical Morpheme?
Answer. A free morpheme that is a content word such as a noun or verb e.g. Girl or hit
Q. What is Functional Morpheme?
Answer. A morpheme that is used as a function word such as injunctions (and) or a preposition (in)
Q. Lexical Morphemes are?
Answer. Verbs, nouns, adverbs a, and adjectives
Q. Functional morphemes are?
Answer. Conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns
Q. Lexical Morphemes are also called?
Answer. Open class words... Because new words are added to them every day
2 Comments